Characterization of Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) reinforced with pineapple leaf fiber composite for potential application as packaging material

Mohd Nassir, Muhammad Nazmi (2024) Characterization of Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) reinforced with pineapple leaf fiber composite for potential application as packaging material. Project Report. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. (Submitted)

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Abstract

Biodegradable polymer, such as Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), is gaining popularity as an eco- friendly alternative to petroleum-based polymers. Despite its suitability in packaging material, it has high brittleness and limited mechanical strength, requiring reinforcement from natural fiber. Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF), containing high cellulose, was chosen to reinforce with PHBV, for improving composite properties in packaging industry. Thus, the objectives of this study are to compare the effect of PALF loading on the tensile mechanical properties, investigate the effect of moisture on the tensile mechanical properties, and evaluate the surface fracture behavior of the PHBV/PALF composite. Alkaline-treated PALF was filled into PHBV at varying loadings (0-30 wt.%). Then, tensile tests were conducted to evaluate Young’s Modulus, strength, and strain at break. Next, morphological analysis of composites was conducted using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to analyze fracture surfaces. Composites underwent a 14-day water absorption test to simulate moisture exposure, followed by physical tests, tensile tests, and morphological analysis. Results showed that increasing PALF loading improved tensile strength from 29.57 MPa (neat PHBV) to 46.74 MPa (30 wt.%), whereas modulus decreased from 0.0193 GPa to 0.0083 GPa. Strain at break increased from 1.73% to 6.19%, indicating enhanced ductility. Moisture exposure significantly impacted mechanical properties; for 20 wt.% PALF, tensile strength decreased from 29.81 MPa to 19.87 MPa, modulus increased from 0.0075 GPa to 0.0111 GPa, and strain at break decreased from 3.38% to 2.03% due to fiber swelling and microcracks. SEM analysis showed neat PHBV exhibited brittle failure, while 20 wt.% PALF showed strong bonding in unaged samples but significant fiber pull-out and breakage in aged samples due to moisture. This research demonstrates the potential of PHBV/PALF composites to improve the mechanical properties and durability, offering sustainable alternatives for packaging materials.

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