Tailoring the grain size of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite film with functionalized RGO for enhanced morphological and optical properties

Syed Omar, Nur Sabrina Sahira (2021) Tailoring the grain size of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite film with functionalized RGO for enhanced morphological and optical properties. Project Report. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. (Submitted)

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Abstract

Perovskite Solar Cells (PSC) are one of the most well-known types of solar cells. Perovskite materials are widely used due to their superior electrical and optical properties. Perovskite material functions as an absorber layer in perovskite solar cells, absorbing photon energy and generating electron-hole pairs. With high energy conversion efficiency, outstanding photoelectric feature, and intense efficiency absorption spectrum, methylammonium lead iodide is one of the star-growing types that make the PSC shine. Because of these exceptional qualities, it is the most stable form of the solar cell. However, PSC continue to suffer from several flaws that jeopardize its excellent reputation. First, there are flaws in the long-term stability application since it is exposed to an open environment with weather fluctuations resulting in the reaction between its cation to water and oxygen. As a result, the optical and morphological characteristics are flawed. Second, poor perovskite morphology causes traps that degrade in their essential features, such as charge mobility and absorption. This degradation has led to its poor morphology, which eventually affects the device's power conversion efficiency based on this perovskite material. This study aims to enhance the morphological and optical properties of the perovskite material by incorporating sulfonated reduced graphene oxide (s-rGO) as a dopant. The reduced graphene oxide is synthesis through modified Hummer's method, facilitated by an environmentally reducing agent, and further sulfonated before incorporated into the perovskite solution in ambient condition. S-rGO contains sufficient sulfonic acid functional groups, essential to forming a bonding with perovskite cation to align the perovskite thin film and avoid agglomeration. Thus, it increases the perovskite thin-film grain size and reduces the charge trap density in the grain boundaries. In this study, the perovskite doped s-rGO formation confirmed via Raman spectroscopy via critical review. Besides, the Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometer used to study the optical properties analysis also by critical review. Meanwhile, the improvement of the perovskite morphology analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Incorporating s-rGO as a dopant improve the perovskite morphology without affecting its optical properties as active material in perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, reduced graphene oxide hydrophobic properties help enhance the perovskite stability in the ambient atmosphere.

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