Initial development of a nanoelectronic biosensor for urea detection

Abd Wahid, Muhammad Akmal (2023) Initial development of a nanoelectronic biosensor for urea detection. Project Report. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. (Submitted)

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Abstract

A nanoelectronic biosensor for urea detection often employs a nanomaterial as the sensing element, such as carbon nanotubes or graphene. The nanomaterial is functionalized with a biomolecule, such as an enzyme that binds urea more selectively. The binding of urea to the biomolecule changes the electrical characteristics of the nanomaterial, which are evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy or cyclic voltammetry. However, biosensor development has a detection limit, a detection time, and specificity. Detection time introduces significant challenges when designing biosensor systems, such as finding a suitable technology while maintaining the highest sensitivity and specificity. They can also be affected by environmental changes and contamination. In this research, a Polypyrrole (PPY)/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) nanofilm is fabricated by using choronoamperometry. This fabricated PPy/MWCNT nanofilm is characterised by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTiR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to check the morphology and analyse the material’s properties. Then, the relationship between voltage and current is analysed using the cyclic voltammetry method. The electrodeposition and cyclic voltammetry methods have been used with the AutoLAB potentiostat and NOVA 2.0 AutoLAB software. Based on the chronoamperometry results on PPY/MWCNT for 1-minute results, the carbon electrode has the highest current at 0.001A. The result changes after a longer chronoamperometry process. For chronoamperometry on PPY/MWCNT for 3-minute results, the copper electrode has the highest current at 0.0011 A, followed by the stainless steel electrode at 0.001 A. Lastly, for chronoamperometry on PPY/MWCNT for 5-minute results, the copper electrode maintained the highest current at 0.0011 A, followed by the aluminium electrode at 0.0009A. The cyclic voltammetry of carbon and stainless steel has been set between -0.8 V and +0.4 V. After the repititive potential cycles, the major difference between this two solution which are PBS solution and urea solution are the current. Based on the cyclic voltammetry results, the current in the PBS solution for carbon is -0.0025 A and the current in the analyte (representing urea) solution for carbon is -0.0037 A. Then, the current in the PBS solution for stainless steel is -0.0010 A, and the current in the analyte solution for stainless steel is - 0.0015 A. As a conclusion, the changes in current for both PBS and analyte solutions show that the biosensor has been successfully developed.

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