Extraction of hydroxyapatite using calcination method from waste fish bones for biomedical application

Zainudin, Muhammad Hilmi (2022) Extraction of hydroxyapatite using calcination method from waste fish bones for biomedical application. Project Report. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. (Submitted)

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Abstract

This project aims to investigate the properties of natural hydroxyapatite extracted from waste fish bones through the calcination technique for biomedical applications. Hydroxyapatite has unique physical characteristics and is one of the natural materials commonly used in tissue engineering applications as it offers a biocompatibility feature that can enhance bone regeneration. Hydroxyapatite has been widely used in clinical practice, serving as fillers and scaffolds for orthopedic surgery. Most sources of hydroxyapatite are usually obtained from porcine, bovine, and cattle bones. However, these mammalian hydroxyapatite sources are rejected by some consumers due to religious beliefs or health concerns. The purpose of this study is to review an alternative source of hydroxyapatite, namely fish. This study seeks to establish an effective methodology of extracting hydroxyapatite with the help of prior published literature between 2010 and 2020 and characterize the natural hydroxyapatite properties through functional groups, crystalline phase, morphology characteristics, and chemical composition. The pure hydroxyapatite obtained from waste fish bones (Sardina Pilchardus) through calcination at 600 °C resulted in the production of carbonated natural hydroxyapatite. Powder samples exhibit high biocompatibility and proper morphology for use in biomedical applications through (FTIR) analysis. (XRD) analysis revealed the presence of hydroxyapatite peaks, while (SEM) analysis data demonstrated spherical morphology with an average particle size of ~300 nm which indicates great potential in biomedical application. However, the (Ca/P) ratio determined by (EDS) analysis was less than the theoretical hydroxyapatite stoichiometry ratio, and the powder physical form is described as white with a slight black shade. Therefore, the pure hydroxyapatite synthesis from waste sardine bones from this research has the potential used as an implant material substitute in bone tissue engineering as well as managing bio-waste fish by-products.

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