Preparation and characterization of synthetic hydroxyapatite from fishbone waste

Abdul Jabar, Fasihatunnisa (2021) Preparation and characterization of synthetic hydroxyapatite from fishbone waste. Project Report. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. (Submitted)

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Abstract

Fishbone is a composite material made of carbonated HA, type 1 collagen, non-collagen protein and water that is available worldwide as a source of hydroxyapatite (HA). HA was known for its excellent biocompatibility properties due to the similar chemical composition of human hard tissues. Recent years, extensive research and studies have been conducted to synthesise HA for applications in biomaterials. Therefore, this study reported the use of fishbone waste (Skipjack tuna) to form HA using calcination method at temperatures ranging from 800°C to 1000°C. All samples have undergone physical, chemical and mechanical characterisation in order to observe surface morphology, crystallinity, functional group and hardness. X-ray diffraction is used to observe the influence of the calcination temperature on the HA phase composition where the calcined HA was stable up to 1000°C because the pattern shows major HA-corresponding reflections and fewer CaP-reflections, while the molecular bond structure formed by HA was produced using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrates the phosphate and few carbonate peaks in the sample treated. HA produced from different synthesis temperatures has a crystal size of 44.91-63.17 nm identified by Scherer equation. The hardness of the HA was also determined using the Vickers hardness tester, which showed the highest hardness value of 0.64 GPa at 1000°C, where the hardness value is within the range of the actual human femoral cortical bone. The microstructure and morphology of HA in agglomerated condition was determined using a scanning electron microscopy. As the calcined temperature increases, the HA particle formed a dense particle and resulted in increased particle size. It is concluded that 1000°C is attained as suitable calcination temperature with constant time for fishbone to obtain synthetic hydroxyapatite.

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